Linux - Revision history

Dark-Fx: Reverted edits by Uqunate (Talk); changed back to last version by 141.219.79.89

2010-11-23T23:19:15Z

Reverted edits by Uqunate (Talk); changed back to last version by 141.219.79.89

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:19, 23 November 2010
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	Linux is a free unix like operating system started by Linus Torvalds. This is the operating system of choice for the MTU LUG.		Linux is a free unix like operating system started by Linus Torvalds. This is the operating system of choice for the MTU LUG.

	== History ==		== History ==
	===Unix===		===Unix===
	The [[Unix]] operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&~~amp;~~T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie]], Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna and first released in 1971. Unix was written in assembly language and later re-written in C in 1973 by Dennis Ritchie. Its wide availability and Porting due to being written in C meant that it was widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses, with its design being influential on authors of other systems.		The [[Unix]] operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie]], Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna and first released in 1971. Unix was written in assembly language and later re-written in C in 1973 by Dennis Ritchie. Its wide availability and Porting due to being written in C meant that it was widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses, with its design being influential on authors of other systems.

	===GNU===		===GNU===
	The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a ~~"~~''complete Unix-compatible software system''~~"~~ composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.		The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.

	=== MINIX ===		=== MINIX ===

Uqunate at 23:07, 23 November 2010

2010-11-23T23:07:24Z

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	Linux is a free unix like operating system started by Linus Torvalds. This is the operating system of choice for the MTU LUG.		Linux is a free unix like operating system started by Linus Torvalds. This is the operating system of choice for the MTU LUG.

	== History ==		== History ==
	===Unix===		===Unix===
	The [[Unix]] operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie]], Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna and first released in 1971. Unix was written in assembly language and later re-written in C in 1973 by Dennis Ritchie. Its wide availability and Porting due to being written in C meant that it was widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses, with its design being influential on authors of other systems.		The [[Unix]] operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie]], Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna and first released in 1971. Unix was written in assembly language and later re-written in C in 1973 by Dennis Ritchie. Its wide availability and Porting due to being written in C meant that it was widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses, with its design being influential on authors of other systems.

	===GNU===		===GNU===
	The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.		The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.

	=== MINIX ===		=== MINIX ===

141.219.79.89: /* Distributions */

2010-09-24T04:23:04Z

Distributions

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:23, 24 September 2010
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	Linux as a whole is broken up into a number of different distributions. Each of these distributions uses the Linux kernel but provides different features.		Linux as a whole is broken up into a number of different distributions. Each of these distributions uses the Linux kernel but provides different features.

	* [[FlashFire OS]]
	* Damn Small Linux		* Damn Small Linux
	* [[Debian]]		* [[Debian]]

PikaSonic: /* Distributions */

2009-11-20T16:20:31Z

Distributions

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 20 November 2009
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	Linux as a whole is broken up into a number of different distributions. Each of these distributions uses the Linux kernel but provides different features.		Linux as a whole is broken up into a number of different distributions. Each of these distributions uses the Linux kernel but provides different features.

		⚫	* [[FlashFire OS]]
	* Damn Small Linux		* Damn Small Linux
	* [[Debian]]		* [[Debian]]
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	* [[Ubuntu]]		* [[Ubuntu]]
	* Yellow Dog		* Yellow Dog
⚫	* [[FlashFire OS]]

PikaSonic at 16:19, 20 November 2009

2009-11-20T16:19:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:19, 20 November 2009
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	* [[Ubuntu]]		* [[Ubuntu]]
	* Yellow Dog		* Yellow Dog
			* [[FlashFire OS]]

Valarauca: /* Commercial and popular uptake */

2009-10-23T21:50:58Z

Commercial and popular uptake

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 23 October 2009
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	=== Commercial and popular uptake ===		=== Commercial and popular uptake ===

	{{Main\|Linux adoption}}
	Today Linux distributions are used in numerous domains, from [[embedded ~~system]]s~~ to ~~[[supercomputer]]s~~, and have secured a place in [[server ~~(computing)\|server]]~~ installations with the popular ~~[[LAMP (software bundle)\|~~LAMP]] application stack.Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been expanding.They have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. The federal government of Brazil is well known for its support for Linux.News of the Russian military creating their own Linux distribution has also surfaced.Indian state of [[Kerala]] has gone so far as to make it mandatory for all state high schools to run Linux on their computers. People's Republic of China uses Linux exclusively as the operating system for its Loongson processor family to achieve technology independence. In Spain some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. France and Germany have also taken steps towards the adoption of Linux.		Today Linux distributions are used in numerous domains, from embedded systems to supercomputers, and have secured a place in server installations with the popular LAMP application stack.Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been expanding.They have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. The federal government of Brazil is well known for its support for Linux.News of the Russian military creating their own Linux distribution has also surfaced.Indian state of Kerala has gone so far as to make it mandatory for all state high schools to run Linux on their computers. People's Republic of China uses Linux exclusively as the operating system for its Loongson processor family to achieve technology independence. In Spain some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. France and Germany have also taken steps towards the adoption of Linux.

	Linux distributions have also become popular with the newly founded netbook market, with many devices such as the Eee pc and Aspire One shipping with customized Linux distributions pre-installed.		Linux distributions have also become popular with the newly founded netbook market, with many devices such as the Eee pc and Aspire One shipping with customized Linux distributions pre-installed.

Valarauca: /* GNU */

2009-10-23T21:50:08Z

GNU

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 23 October 2009
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	===GNU===		===GNU===
	The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.		The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.

	=== MINIX ===		=== MINIX ===

Valarauca: /* GNU */

2009-10-23T21:49:51Z

GNU

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:49, 23 October 2009
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	===GNU===		===GNU===
	The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by [[Richard Stallman]], had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.		The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.

	=== MINIX ===		=== MINIX ===

Valarauca: /* MINIX */

2009-10-23T21:49:19Z

MINIX

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:49, 23 October 2009
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	=== MINIX ===		=== MINIX ===
	[[Image:AndrewTanenbaum.JPG\|thumb\|right\|[[Andrew S. Tanenbaum]], [[author]] of the [[MINIX]] operating system]]

	[[MINIX]] was a cheap minimal [[Unix-like]] operating system, designed for education in computer science, written by [[Andrew S. Tanenbaum]] (now Minix is ~~[[free software\|free]]~~ and redesigned also for “serious” use).		MINIX was a cheap minimal Unix-like operating system, designed for education in computer science, written by Andrew S. Tanenbaum (now Minix is and redesigned also for “serious” use).

	In 1991 while attending the [[University of Helsinki]], Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for [[MINIX]],<ref>{{ cite newsgroup \| title = What would you like to see most in minix? \| newsgroup = comp.os.minix \| id = 1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI \| url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b \| last = Torvalds \| first = Linus \| accessdate = 2006-09-09 }}</ref> which would eventually become the [[Linux kernel]].		In 1991 while attending the University of Helsinki, Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for [[MINIX]], which would eventually become the [[Linux kernel]].

	Torvalds began the development of Linux on Minix and applications written for Minix were also used under Linux. Later Linux matured and it became possible for Linux to be developed under itself.~~<ref>{{cite news \| title = Chicken and egg: How was the first linux gcc binary created?? \| newsgroup = comp.os.minix \| url = http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/4ae6db18d3f49b0e }}</ref>~~ Also GNU applications replaced all Minix ones because, with code from the GNU system freely available, it was advantageous if this could be used with the fledgling OS. Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be used in other projects, so long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. In order to make the Linux kernel compatible with the components from the GNU Project, Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license (which prohibited commercial redistribution) to the GNU GPL.<ref>{{cite web \| title = Release notes for Linux v0.12 \| first = Linus \| last = Torvalds \| url = http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 \| authorlink = Linus Torvalds \| date = 1992-01-05 \| accessdate = 2007-07-23 \| publisher = Linux Kernel Archives \| quote = The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the “you may not distribute it for money” condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU ─ pending approval of the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise The GNU copyleft takes effect as of the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright ─ read it. }}</ref> Developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system.~~<ref name="gnu history"/>~~		Torvalds began the development of Linux on Minix and applications written for Minix were also used under Linux. Later Linux matured and it became possible for Linux to be developed under itself. Also GNU applications replaced all Minix ones because, with code from the GNU system freely available, it was advantageous if this could be used with the fledgling OS. Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be used in other projects, so long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. In order to make the Linux kernel compatible with the components from the GNU Project, Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license (which prohibited commercial redistribution) to the GNU GPL. Developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system.

	=== Commercial and popular uptake ===		=== Commercial and popular uptake ===

Valarauca: /* GNU */

2009-10-23T21:47:45Z

GNU

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:47, 23 October 2009
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	===GNU===		===GNU===
	The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by [[Richard Stallman]], had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984.<ref name="gnu_announce">{{cite web\|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html \|title=About the GNU Project - Initial Announcement \|publisher=Gnu.org \|date=2008-06-23 \|accessdate=2009-03-09}}</ref> Later, in 1985, Stallman created the [[Free Software Foundation]] and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, ~~[[compiler]]s~~, [[text ~~editor]]s~~, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, [[daemon ~~(computer software)\|daemon]]s~~, and the ~~[[Kernel (computer science)\|~~kernel]] were stalled and incomplete.~~<ref name="gnu history">{{cite web\|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html \|title=Overview of the GNU System \|publisher=Gnu.org \|date= \|accessdate=2009-03-09}}</ref>~~ Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.~~<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://people.fluidsignal.com/~luferbu/misc/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html \| title = Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate }}</ref>~~		The [[GNU Project]], started in 1983 by [[Richard Stallman]], had the goal of creating a "''complete Unix-compatible software system''" composed entirely of [[free software]]. Work began in 1984. Later, in 1985, Stallman created the Free Software Foundation and wrote the [[GNU General Public License]] (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, compilers, text editors, a [[Unix shell]], and a windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements such as [[device driver]]s, daemon, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has said that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1991), he would not have decided to write his own.

	=== MINIX ===		=== MINIX ===