Help:Editing
NOTE: This is a copy of m:Help:Editing and as such is under the GNU Free Documentation License. using Wikipedia-specific templates. Don't edit this page, except to replace the contents with the current version of that master page (please do; first change Template:Hi into Template:Hh in the master page if that has not been done yet). To make changes applicable on all projects, edit the master page; to change Wikipedia-specific content, edit the templates; to make demos work, copy templates and images to this project.
General
To edit a MediaWiki page, click on the "Edit this page" (or just "edit") link at one of its edges. This will bring you to a page with a text box containing the wikitext: the editable source code from which the server produces the webpage. For the special codes, see below.
After adding to or changing the wikitext it is useful to press "Preview", which produces the corresponding webpage in your browser but does not make it publicly available yet (not until you press "Save"). Errors in formatting, links, tables, etc., are often much easier to discover from the rendered page than from the raw wikitext.
If you are not satisfied you can make more changes and preview the page as many times as necessary. Then write a short edit summary in the small text field below the edit-box and when finished press "Save". Depending on your system, pressing the "Enter" key while the edit box is not active (i.e., there is no typing cursor in it) may have the same effect as pressing "Save".
You may find it more convenient to copy and paste the text first into your favorite text editor, edit and spell check it there, and then paste it back into your web browser to preview. This way, you can also keep a local backup copy of the pages you have edited. It also allows you to make changes offline, but before you submit your changes, please make sure nobody else has edited the page since you saved your local copy (by checking the page history), otherwise you may accidentally revert someone else's edits. If someone has edited it since you copied the page, you'll have to merge their edits into your new version (you can find their specific edits by using the "diff" feature of the page history). These issues are handled automatically by the Mediawiki software if you edit the page online, retrieving and submitting the wikicode in the same text box.
See also MediaWiki architecture.
Dummy edit
If the wikitext is not changed no edit will be recorded and the edit summary is discarded.
A dummy edit is a change in wikitext that has no effect on the rendered page, such as changing the number of newlines at some position from 0 to 1 or from 2 to 3 or conversely (changing from 1 to 2 makes a difference, see below). This allows an edit summary, and is useful for correcting a previous edit summary, or an accidental marking of a previous edit as "minor" (see below). Also it is sometimes needed to refresh the cache of some item in the database, see e.g. A category tag in a template; caching problem.
Minor edits
When editing a page, a logged-in user has the option of flagging the edit as a "minor edit". When to use this is somewhat a matter of personal preference. The rule of thumb is that an edit of a page that is spelling corrections, formatting, and minor rearranging of text should be flagged as a "minor edit". A major edit is basically something that makes the entry worth relooking at for somebody who wants to watch the article rather closely, so any "real" change, even if it is a single word. This feature is important, because users can choose to hide minor edits in their view of the Recent Changes page, to keep the volume of edits down to a manageable level.
The reason for not allowing a user who is not logged in to mark an edit as minor is that vandalism could then be marked as a minor edit, in which case it would stay unnoticed longer. This limitation is another reason to log in.
The wiki markup
In the left column of the table below, you can see what effects are possible. In the right column, you can see how those effects were achieved. In other words, to make text look like it looks in the left column, type it in the format you see in the right column.
You may want to keep this page open in a separate browser window for reference. If you want to try out things without danger of doing any harm, you can do so in the Sandbox.
Sections, paragraphs, lists and lines
| What it looks like | What you type |
|---|---|
|
Start your sections with header lines:
New section Subsection Sub-subsection |
== New section == === Subsection === ==== Sub-subsection ==== |
|
A single newline has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph. (<p> disables this paragraphing until </p> or the end of the section) (in Cologne Blue two newlines and a div tag give just one newline; in the order newline, div tag, newline, the result is two newlines) |
A single newline has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph. |
| You can break lines without starting a new paragraph. Sufficient as wikitext code is <br>, the XHTML code <br /> is not needed, the system produces this code. |
You can break lines<br> without starting a new paragraph. |
marks the end of the list.
|
* Lists are easy to do: ** start every line with a star *** more stars means deeper levels *A newline *in a list marks the end of the list. *Of course *you can *start again. |
marks the end of the list.
|
# Numbered lists are also good ## very organized ## easy to follow #A newline #in a list marks the end of the list. #New numbering starts #with 1. |
|
* You can even do mixed lists *# and nest them *#* like this<br>or have newlines<br>inside lists |
|
* You can also **break lines<br>inside lists<br>like this |
|
; Definition list : list of definitions ; item : the item's definition |
A manual newline starts a new paragraph.
|
: A colon indents a line or paragraph. A manual newline starts a new paragraph. |
IF a line of plain text starts with a space THEN
it will be formatted exactly
as typed;
in a fixed-width font;
lines won't wrap;
ENDIF
this is useful for:
* pasting preformatted text;
* algorithm descriptions;
* program source code
* ASCII art;
* chemical structures;
WARNING If you make it wide,
you force the whole page to be wide and
hence less readable. Never start ordinary lines with spaces. |
IF a line of plain text starts with a space THEN
it will be formatted exactly
as typed;
in a fixed-width font;
lines won't wrap;
ENDIF
this is useful for:
* pasting preformatted text;
* algorithm descriptions;
* program source code
* ASCII art;
* chemical structures; |
<center>Centered text.</center> |
|
| A horizontal dividing line: above
and below. Mainly useful for separating threads on Talk pages. |
A horizontal dividing line: above ---- and below. |
Summarizing the effect of a single newline: no effect in general, but it ends a list item or indented part; thus changing some text into a list item, or indenting it, is more cumbersome if it contains newlines, they have to be removed; see also w:Wikipedia:Don't use line breaks.
Links, URLs
| What it looks like | What you type |
|---|---|
Sue is reading the video policy.
Thus the link above is to http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_policy, which is the page with the name "Video policy". |
Sue is reading the [[video policy]]. |
|
Link to a section on a page, e.g. List_of_cities_by_country#Morocco; when section editing does not work the link is treated as link to the page, i.e. to the top; this applies for:
|
[[List_of_cities_by_country#Morocco]]. |
| Link target and link label are different: answers.
(This is called a piped link). |
Same target, different name: [[User:Larry Sanger|answers]] |
| Endings are blended into the link: official positions, genes |
Endings are blended into the link: [[official position]]s, [[gene]]s |
|
Automatically hide stuff in parentheses: kingdom. Automatically hide namespace: Village pump. The server fills in the part after the | when you save the page. Next time you open the edit box you will see the expanded piped link. A preview interprets the abbreviated form correctly, but does not expand it yet in the edit box. Press Save and again Edit, and you will see the expanded version. The same applies for the following feature. |
Automatically hide stuff in parentheses: [[kingdom (biology)|]]. Automatically hide namespace: [[Wikipedia:Village pump|]]. |
| When adding a comment to a Talk page,
you should sign it. You can do this by adding three tildes for your user name: or four for user name plus date/time:
|
When adding a comment to a Talk page, you should sign it. You can do this by adding three tildes for your user name: : ~~~ or four for user name plus date/time: : ~~~~ |
The weather in London is a page that doesn't exist yet.
|
[[The weather in London]] is a page that doesn't exist yet. |
|
Redirect one article title to another by putting text like this in its first line. |
#REDIRECT [[United States]] |
|
A link to the page on the same subject in another language or, more generally, to a page on another wiki: fr:Wikipédia:Aide. For more info see MediaWiki User's Guide: Interwiki linking. |
[[fr:Wikipédia:Aide]], [[:fr:Wikipédia:Aide]] |
| "What links here" and "Related changes" can be linked as: Special:Whatlinkshere/Wikipedia:How to edit a page and Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wikipedia:How to edit a page |
[[Special:Whatlinkshere/ Wikipedia:How to edit a page]] and [[Special:Recentchangeslinked/ Wikipedia:How to edit a page]] |
| External links: Nupedia, [1] | External links: [http://www.nupedia.com Nupedia], [http://www.nupedia.com] |
| Or just give the URL: http://www.nupedia.com. | Or just give the URL: http://www.nupedia.com. |
|
To link to books, you can use ISBN links. ISBN 0123456789X See Help:ISBN links |
ISBN 0123456789X |
|
Link to Request for Comments: RFC 123 (URL specified in mediawiki:Rfcurl) |
RFC 123 |
|
To include links to non-image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link.
|
[[media:Sg_mrob.ogg|Sound]] |
| Use links for dates, so everyone can set their own display order. Use Special:Preferences to change your own date display setting. | [[July 20]], [[1969]] , [[20 July]] [[1969]] and [[1969]]-[[07-20]]will all appear as 20 July 1969 if you set your date display preference to 1 January 2001. |
Images
| What it looks like | What you type |
|---|---|
A picture: Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia
|
A picture: [[Image:Wiki.png]] or, with alternate text (strongly encouraged) [[Image:Wiki.png|Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia]] Web browsers render alternate text when not displaying an image -- for example, when the image isn't loaded, or in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud. See Alternate text for images for help on choosing alternate text. See Extended image syntax for more options. |
|
Clicking on an uploaded image displays a description page, which you can also link directly to: Image:Wiki.png |
[[:Image:Wiki.png]] |
|
To include links to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link.
|
[[media:Tornado.jpg|Image of a Tornado]] |
Character formatting
| What it looks like | What you type |
|---|---|
|
Emphasize, strongly, very strongly.
|
''Emphasize'', '''strongly''', '''''very strongly'''''. |
|
You can also write italic and bold if the desired effect
|
You can also write <i>italic</i> and <b>bold</b> if the desired effect<br/> is a specific font style rather than emphasis, as in mathematical formulae: :<b>F</b> = <i>m</i><b>a</b> |
|
A teletype (typewriter) font. |
A teletype (<tt>typewriter</tt>) font. |
|
You can use small text for captions. |
You can use <small>small text</small> for captions. |
|
You can |
You can <strike>strike out deleted material</strike> and <u>underline new material</u>. |
|
Umlauts and accents: (See Meta-Wikimedia Help: Special characters) |
è é ê ë ì í À Á Â Ã Ä Å<br/> Æ Ç È É Ê Ë<br/> Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò<br/> Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù<br/> Ú Û Ü ß à á<br/> â ã ä å æ ç<br/> è é ê ë ì í<br/> î ï ñ ò ó ô<br/> œ õ ö ø ù ú<br/> û ü ÿ |
|
Punctuation: |
¿ ¡ « » § ¶ † ‡ • — |
|
Commercial symbols: |
™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤ |
|
Subscript: x2
|
Subscript: x<sub>2</sub><br/>
Superscript: x<sup>2</sup> or x²
or in projects with the templates sub and sup:
Subscript: x{{sub|2}}<br/>
Superscript: x{{sup|2}}
ε<sub>0</sub> = 8.85 × 10<sup>−12</sup> C² / J m.
1 [[hectare]] = [[1 E4 m²]]
|
|
Greek characters: |
α β γ δ ε ζ<br/> η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br/> ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br/> τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br/> Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br/> Σ Φ Ψ Ω |
|
Math characters: |
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞<br/> ≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ →<br/> × · ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br/> ∇ ‰ ° ∴ ℵ ø<br/> ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇<br/> ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔<br/> → ↔ |
|
x2 ≥ 0 true.
|
<i>x</i><sup>2</sup> ≥ 0 true. |
|
Complicated formulae: |
<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}</math>
|
|
For comparison for the following examples: italics link |
arrow → ''italics'' [[link]] |
|
Use <nowiki> to suppress interpretation of wiki markup, but interpret character references and remove newlines and multiple spaces: |
<nowiki>arrow → ''italics'' [[link]] </nowiki> |
|
Use <pre> to suppress interpretation of wiki markup and keep newlines and multiple spaces, and get typewriter font, but interpret character references: arrow → ''italics'' [[link]] |
<nowiki> <pre>arrow → ''italics'' [[link]]</nowiki> |
|
Use leading space on each line to keep newlines and multiple spaces, and get typewriter font: arrow → italics link |
arrow → ''italics'' [[link]] |
|
Use typewriter font: |
<tt>arrow →</tt> <tt>''italics''</tt> <tt>[[link]]</tt> |
|
Show character references by writing out the leading ampersand: |
&rarr; |
|
Commenting page source:
|
<!-- comment here --> |
HTML Tables
HTML tables can be quite useful as well. For details on how to use them and discussion about when they are appropriate, see m:Help:Table.
Templates
Some part of a page may correspond in the edit box to just a reference to another page, in the form {{name}}, referring to the page "Template:name" (or if the name starts with a namespace prefix, it refers to the page with that name; if it starts with a colon it refers to the page in the main namespace with that name without the colon). This is called a template. For changing that part of the page, edit that other page. Sometimes a separate edit link is provided for this purpose. A convenient way to put such a link in a template is with a template like m:Template:ed. Note that the change also affects other pages which use the same template.
Page protection
In a few cases the link labeled "MediaWiki:Editthispage" is replaced by the text "Protected page" (or equivalents in the language of the project). In that case the page can not be edited.
Position-independent wikitext
Wikitext for which the result does not depend on the position in the wikitext page:
- interlanguage links (see also above) - the mutual order is preserved, but otherwise the positions within the page are immaterial
- category specification - ditto
- __NOTOC__, __FORCETOC__, see Help:Section
Separating edits
When moving or copying a piece of text within a page or from another page, and also making other edits, it is useful to separate these edits. This way the diff function can be usefully applied for checking these other edits.